氩气感应耦合等离子体速度与温度数值模拟

为了获得用于研究再入飞行器热防护系统的感应耦合等离子体风洞流场数据，基于流场、电磁场和化学场的多场耦合建立了非平衡态感应耦合等离子体数值模型。利用该模型对不同入口质量流率和不同工作压力下的感应耦合等离子体进行了数值模拟，得到了相应工作参数下感应耦合等离子体温度与速度的分布特性。计算结果表明：等离子体中心线上的速度随着入口质量流率的增大而增大，而随着工作压力的增大而减小；同时，等离子体中心线上的温度随着入口质量流率的增大而减小，而随着压力的增大先减小后增大。这些结果可为感应耦合等离子体风洞优化设计及其工业应用提供理论指导。     

考虑制动力影响的大型客车舒适性分析

利用有限元法和动力平衡原理,建立了具有层间接触的沥青路面和13个自由度的大型客车人体三维模型。以不平顺作为激励,随机模拟车流分布,在不同制动情况下,从时域和频域两方面分析人-车-路耦合振动下车辆和人体的动力响应。时域分析采用客观评价标准和主观烦恼率相结合的方法,频域分析考虑人体共振、人的心理和生理因素。结果表明:随着制动力增大,人体的竖向加速度幅值不变,俯仰、侧倾加速度幅值都增大,但是俯仰加速度增幅远大于侧倾加速度的情况,人的舒适性变差,烦恼率增高;在紧急制动时,主频段对人体共振、心理和生理产生的影响很小,但是次主频段与人体某些器官固有频段重合,对人体共振、心理和生理产生的影响是不容忽视的。     

Development of a capillary electrophoretic method for determination of plasma clearance of iohexol in dogs and cats

Renal function can be monitored by estimation of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), for example, through measurement of the plasma clearance of a marker that is freely filtrated through the kidney without reabsorption. It has been proposed that iohexol is the most accurate marker for GFR determination in cats and dogs. However, there is a need for a validated capillary electrophoretic method that covers the concentration range for a full curve clearance estimate of iohexol. In the final method, the plasma samples were protein precipitated and the supernatant was analyzed in a background electrolyte containing borate buffer (0.06 m , pH 10.0). The method developed was proved to be linear (concentration range 18– 2900 mg/L) and had a good precision (e.g. 2.3–2.9% at 88 mg/L) and accuracy (e.g. 101–105% at 88 mg/L). Finally, the method was compared with a previously published and validated HPLC‐UV method by parallel analysis of clinical plasma samples from dogs and cats administered Omnipaque®. This comparison showed excellent agreement between the two methods and no proportional or systematic error was observed. The proposed method is simple and has a low cost per sample, which makes it applicable for routine analysis. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Rate sensitivity and deformation mechanism of semi-crystalline polymers during instrumented indentation

Instrumented indentation tests using both constant loading rate (CLR) and continuous stiffness measurement (CSM) operation modes were performed to investigate the deformation mechanism and their sensitivity to the deformation rate in semi-crystalline polymers through the quantitative analysis of load-depth loading and unloading curves. The strain rate was constant during the CSM tests, while the strain rate decreased with the increasing of loading time in CLR tests. The mechanical response mechanism of the semi-crystalline polymers to these tests was very complicated because of the combined effects of strain-hardening in the crystal phase and strain-softening in the amorphous phase. Results show that the loading index m reflects the strain-hardening or strain-softening response during indentation. When m > 2, the mechanical response was due to the strain-hardening, and when m < 2, the response was due to strain-softening. A method based on the measured contact hardness was proposed to obtain the unloading stiffness, and the other mechanical parameters could then be determined according to the unloading stiffness.     

Monte Carlo simulation of electric conductivity for pure and doping fullerene (C60)

In this paper, we have used Monte Carlo (MC) method to simulate and study the temperature and doping effects on the electric conductivity of fullerene (C60). The results show that the band gap has reduced by the doping and the charge carrier transport is facilitated from valence band to conduction band by the temperature where is touched a 300 K. In this case, the conductivity reached a value of $4\times {10}^{-7}\text{S}{\text{cm}}^{-1}$. The electric conductivity of C60 can increase by the triphenylmethane dye crystal violet (CV) alkali metal to reach $4\times {10}^{-3}\text{S}{\text{cm}}^{-1}$ at 303 K. Our results of MC simulation have a good agreement with those extracted from literature [10], [33].     

Exploring mathematical connections of pre-university students through tasks involving rates of change

This paper reports the results of a research exploring the mathematical connections of pre-university students while they solving tasks which involving rates of change. We assume mathematical connections as a cognitive process through which a person finds real relationships between two or more ideas, concepts, definitions, theorems, procedures, representations or meanings or with other disciplines or the real-world. Four tasks were proposed to the 33 pre-university students that participated in this research; the central concept of the first task is the slope, the last three tasks contain concepts like velocity, speed and acceleration. Task-based interviews were conducted to collect data and later analysed with thematic analysis. Results showed most of the students made mathematical connections of the procedural type, the mathematical connections of the common features type are made in smaller quantities and the mathematical connection of the generalization type is scarcely made. Furthermore, students considered slope as a concept disconnected from velocity, speed and acceleration.     

Change of evaporation rate of single monocomponent droplet with temperature using time-resolved phase rainbow refractometry

Droplet evaporation characterization, although of great significance, is still challenging. The recently developed phase rainbow refractometry (PRR) is proposed as an approach to measuring the droplet temperature, size as well as evaporation rate simultaneously, and is applied to a single flowing n-heptane droplet produced by a droplet-on-demand generator. The changes of droplet temperature and evaporation rate after a transient spark heating are reflected in the time-resolved PRR image. Results show that droplet evaporation rate increases with temperature, from ?1.28$\times {10}^{?8}$ m²/s at atmospheric 293 K to a range of (?1.5, ?8)$\times {10}^{?8}$ m²/s when heated to (294, 315) K, agreeing well with the Maxwell and Stefan–Fuchs model predictions. Uncertainty analysis suggests that the main source is the indeterminate gradient inside droplet, resulting in an underestimation of droplet temperature and evaporation rate. With the demonstration on simultaneous measurements of droplet refractive index as well as droplet transient and local evaporation rate in this work, PRR is a promising tool to investigate single droplet evaporation in real engine conditions.     

甲烷浓度对碳化硅基底金刚石薄膜摩擦性能影响

利用热丝化学气相沉积法(HFCVD)在碳化硅基底上制备金刚石薄膜,采用场发射扫描电子显微镜、拉曼光谱仪、原子力显微镜研究了在不同甲烷浓度条件下制备的金刚石薄膜表面形貌及物相组成,在干摩擦条件下通过往复式摩擦磨损实验测试并计算了已制备金刚石薄膜的摩擦系数和磨损率,结合物相分析及摩擦磨损实验结果分析了甲烷浓度的改变对金刚石薄膜摩擦磨损性能的影响。结果表明,由于甲烷气体含量的升高,金刚石薄膜结晶质量下降,薄膜由微米晶向纳米晶转变。摩擦磨损实验结果显示:3%甲烷浓度条件下制备的金刚石薄膜耐磨性较好,磨损率为2.2×10^-7 mm³/mN;5%甲烷浓度条件下制备的金刚石薄膜摩擦系数最低(0.032),磨损率为5.7×10^-7 mm³/mN,制备的金刚石薄膜的耐磨损性能相比于碳化硅基底(磨损率为9.89×10^-5 mm³/mN)提升了两个数量级,显著提高了碳化硅基底的耐磨性。     

Leaching of zinc and germanium from zinc oxide dust in sulfuric acid-ozone media

A new process of leaching zinc oxide dust by ozone oxidation in a sulfuric acid system was studied. The main factors affecting the leaching rate, such as ozone time, leaching temperature, initial acidity, leaching time, and liquid/solid mass ratio, were comprehensively investigated. The results show that leaching efficiency depends on all the above factors. The optimum conditions for leaching Zn and Ge from zinc oxide dust are as follows: ozone time 10 min, leaching temperature 90 ℃, initial acidity 160 g/L, leaching time 60 min, and liquid/solid mass ratio 7:1. Under the optimum conditions, the leaching rates of Zn and Ge are 95.79% and 93.65%, respectively. The leaching rates of zinc and germanium in the ozone leaching are 4.05% and 10.49% higher than those of the atmospheric leaching, respectively. Therefore, it is determined that ozone in solution plays a key role in rapidly oxidizing sulfide and releasing encapsulated germanium. Sulfuric acid-ozone media can efficiently extract Zn and Ge from zinc oxide dust.